Well if no one else will answer Mark-II's questions I give them a go:
The Eagle Court of Honor: is a very special presentation of the New Eagles awards, including the Eagle Metal, Square knot patch and is usually presided over by the District Scout Executive rather then the Scoutmaster & Troop committee.
The Eagle Plam system has been around almost as long as scouting the the USA. My Scoutmaster (T-364) some 21+ years older then I, is an Eagle with a Gold Palm. He set the standard to which I aspired.
We (T-364) & Later my troop T-341 were Outdoor active Troops, not focused on anything other then inspiring young men to "Do their Best and do a good turn daily. Rank and achievements not nearly as important is learning self reliance,Hiking and Camping outdoors and having some FUN!
We scheduling at least one Hike and one Camp-out a month year round, ALL Weather, as well as being active in whatever the Scout District had on tap, Camporee's, Field days, Scout Expo's, Summer Camp... what-have-you.
Many Scouts and Scouters keep a running totals of days & Nights of camping, Miles hiked, High Adventure experinces and so forth.. 825 nights for me... it is just something we do. Guess it's where I got in the habbit of logging Mod-Roc flights as well.
Order of the Arrow is a Service group of Honor Scout Campers.
To gain membership each Scout had to be First Class or higher, have at least 21 days and nights of camping, and be voted to undergo the Ordeal for membership from within their own troop. If and not all scouts make it through the ordeal weekend. you become a member of your regions OA Lodge. The OA hold many opportunities for Scouts to Serve others in the community and scouting. As you grow in sevice and after a given length of time you can again be voted into attending a second ordeal of sorts to learn more and if successful with your contiued service obtain "Brotherhood" status.
The Diamond Jamboree was the 75th anniversary of the founding of the BSA in the US. Scouts & Troops from the USA & around the world came together to celibrate the birthday at Fort A.P. Hill in Virginia. It was a Super time for fellowship and Trading Skills and Patches from All 50 states & Scouting from around the world.
A special commerative Patich with rockers was designed for ALL troops to earn and display. I can't recall the number of different activity patches that were available along with the Red.white & blue Diamond Jamboree patch with rockers but it was a handful. Lots of Great things to join in during the entire year.
God & Country metals have been available from all faiths, for many many years, They were standards long before I joined. Requirement are layed out in the standard "requirements" pamphlet available everywhere.
Ealge Plams are earned in reconition of Additional Merit badges earned beyond the required 21 for eagle and Service to the troop and/or scouting by a time requirement. first extra 5 = Bronze, next 5 (10 total) = Gold, next 5 (15 total )= Silver. beyond that you add an additional palm to the Eagle Metal and Square knot. 20 = Silver + Bronze etc.
Finally: Woodbage: Woodbadge has been discribed as Scout College. It is the most intense and inclusive course of Scout leader training there is. It incompasses all aspects of Scouting; Physical, Mental and Spirital. Shows these adult Leaders all the basic skills needed and how teamwork happens along with why the patrol method isn't a way of teaching young men...it's the only way.