So What’s the Difference Between Slotted and Castle?

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Castle is designed to have a wire wrapped around. Slotted has room for a cotter pin.

Different securing process.

edit: both support cotter pins. Castle is cotter pin plus wire wrap. Slotted is just cotter pin. Slotted would be the hub on an axle. Castle would be what holds the rotors on to a helicopter (examples may not be true to life, but you get the idea)
 
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Your diagram is missing the knurled nut.

it is used for finger tightening with a limited torque.
Typically found on model train transformers.
Some knurled nuts have straight knurls--sometimes called 'coining'--see the edge of a dime/quarter. Others have diamond-knurling. Both pretty much have the same purpose, advantages, limitations.
 
In the US a cotter pin is the generic name for a split pin. In the UK a cotter pin is a tapered wedge pin. Commonly used on older bicycles to hold the pedal cranks in place.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotter_(pin)
snip
The UK version, at least as implemented on English bikes, designed to cause great frustration and Brinnelling of bearings caused by enraged enthusiasm with a hammer. Truly modern civilization didn't start until cotterless cranks.
 

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What is the Difference Between a Castle Nut and a Slotted Nut?


Often called axle nuts as this is where they are most commonly found, castle and slotted nuts are hexagon nuts with turrets and slots on the top which resemble a castle wall. These types of nuts are used in conjunction with bolts that have holes in the end through which a locking pin can pass to lock the nut into position and prevent any further rotation. The locking pin is usually a split cotter pin, an R clip, a spring pin or a safety wire.

The main difference between castle and slotted nuts is found on the turret end section where the split pin is found. On the castle nut the end section is turned down slightly, enabling the split pin to be wound round and pinned against the turret so that the pin does not protrude. On a slotted nut this is not possible. Other than that they both have the same functionality.

On a slotted nut the diameter of the castellated section is the same as the main wrenching section of the nut (unlike a castle nut where the diameter of the castellated section is slightly smaller than the main wrenching part).
 
Castle is designed to have a wire wrapped around. Slotted has room for a cotter pin.

Different securing process.

edit: both support cotter pins. Castle is cotter pin plus wire wrap. Slotted is just cotter pin. Slotted would be the hub on an axle. Castle would be what holds the rotors on to a helicopter (examples may not be true to life, but you get the idea)
We also use very big Castle nuts on Turbine cases, both steam and gas.. although they're 4 1/2 inches or better..
 
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