For those old enough to remember, it took a gigantic shock to marshall American will, resolve, and resources that resulted in the first lunar landing. That shock was Russia taking the early lead into space, trumping the Americans (pun intended). First satellite in orbit, first man in space, first woman in space, first spacewalk, etc. Keep in mind that this was during the height of the Cold War. The idea that the leader of democracy was coming in second to a pillar of communism was downright unacceptable. Overnight the academic system was overhauled with an emphasis on math and science. Foreign language was no longer required in high school. We needed to graduate engineers and scientists to compete with the "threat" upon us. This was the backdrop to President Kennedy's declaration of his goal to put a man on the moon and return him safely back to Earth before the decade is out.