The "P100" is a particulate filter. The cartridge consists of a particulate filter (P95 or P100) and the chemical filter which is usually activated charcoal. The organic filter will trap (within reason) all the common household chemicals you have mentioned. The other filters (acid gas, etc) are for compounds that would never be a product you can buy off the shelf.
As mentioned by rharshberger cartridge filters will lose their effectiveness. Humidity is the enemy, water will fill up the carbon pores faster than organic solvents. Once opened store the cartridges in a zip-lock bag and keep track of time of use. OSHA recently approved cartridge the organic/P100 filter even for indoor use with very dangerous isocyanate spraying environments as long as a change out schedule is observed and complied with. 8 hours is the recommended changeout for a spray booth environment, that is a very concentrated solvent situation. Your home use will be far far less. Google NIOSH and respirators. Everything you will need to know will be at your fingertips.
More important than cartridge selection is facemask fit. Wearing the facemask and covering the cartridges with the palm of your hands you should not be able to breathe any air in. Got a keep a tight seal around your face. That means a clean shave..... But unless you are spraying 2-part urethanes you will be very safe with the basic organic/P100 filter.
